​3Cr17Ni7Mo2N, austenitic stainless steel, codename 318, was developed in 1968 by Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Shanghai No. 5 Iron and Steel Works, Chongqing Steel Works, Sichuan Petroleum Management and Design Institute [SCALE STEEL]jointly for the Sichuan gas field natural gas contains more hydrogen sulfide, which causes serious corrosion to the equipment.

Component Specification
C 0.22~0.30 Cr 16.00~18.00 Ni 6.00~8.00
Si 0.80~1.60 P ≤0.035 Mo 2.00~2.50
Mn ≤1.00 S ≤0.30[SCALE STEEL] N 0.15~0.22

 Mechanical Property
solution heat treatment 1130℃±10℃, holding for 2h, water quenching
strength of extension MPa ≥785
yield MPa ≥420
percentage elongation after fracture % ≥35
reduction of area% ≥40
hardness HRC ≤24

Material performance:
is a low cost material developed for hydrogen sulfide corrosion resistance. It can resist hydrogen sulfide uniform corrosion, sulfide stress cracking resistance, hydrogen embrittlement resistance, pitting resistance, reducing [SCALE STEEL]medium corrosion resistance.

Applications:
The 318 is typically used to manufacture sulfur [SCALE STEEL]resistant wellheads, valves, stems, and fasteners for applications where H2S partial pressures exceed 1MPa.

06Cr13, the American standard 410S, is the lowest carbon content in the Cr13 martensitic stainless steel.Due to the microstructure of[SCALE STEEL] the matrix under annealing condition, it is also classified as ferritic stainless steel in a few standards.

Standard Control
CHINA GB/T 20878-2007 S41008 06Cr13
（0Cr13）
GB/T 24511-2009 S11306
AMERICA ASTM A240-15a S41008,410S
JAPAN JIS G 4304:2005 SUS410S
GERMANY DIN EN 10088-2:1995[SCALE STEEL] X6Cr13,1.4000

Component Specification
GRADE 06Cr13* 410S SUS410S 1.4000
C ≤0.08 ≤0.08 ≤0.08 ≤0.08
Si ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤1.00 ≤1.00[SCALE STEEL] ≤1.00 ≤1.00
P ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≤0.040
S ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.015
Cr 11.5~13.5 11.5~13.5 11.5~13.5 12.0~14.0
Ni (≤0.60) ≤0.60 (≤0.60) --
*：S41008 is listed in the table, while S11306 is slightly different in composition.

Mechanical Property
Density（g/cm3）20℃[SCALE STEEL] 7.75
Specific heat [kJ/(kg·K)]  0~100℃ 0.46
Heat conductivity [W/(m·K)] 100℃ 25.0
coefficient of linear expansion（10-6/K） 0~100℃ 10.6
0~500℃ 12.0
specific resistance（Ω·mm2/m）20℃ 0.60
longitudinal modulus of elasticity（kN/mm2）20℃ 220
magnetism Y

Mechanical Property

Dimensions of sample hairs（mm） ≤75
heat treating regime anneal[SCALE STEEL] 800 ~ 900 ℃ slow cooling
Or about 750℃ fast cooling

quench 950 ~ 1000 ℃ cold oil
temper 700~750℃cold oil
Mechanical properties 
(quenching + tempering)
Specified non-proportionality
Extension strength MPa ≥345
strength of extension MPa ≥490
Percentage elongation after fracture % ≥24
Percentagereduction of area; reduction of area ≥60
The hardness of delivery HBW anneal ≤183

Material Characteristics:
(1) The corrosion resistance and corrosion resistance are similar to 1Cr13 (410) and better, in low concentration of mild organic and [SCALE STEEL]inorganic acid, alkali and some chemical conditions have corrosion resistance.
(2) Good oxidation resistance, sustainable use in 705℃ environment.
(3) good plastic toughness, easy to be formed by rotation, bending and rolling.
(4) It can be welded by common fusion and resistance technology.

Applications:
The main product form [SCALE STEEL]is plate, used for structural parts such as automobile muffler and exhaust system components, but also widely used in containers, heat exchangers, underground pipes, etc.

​1Cr13 (410) stainless steel is one of the representative of martensitic stainless steel.Martensitic stainless steels are stainless steels [SCALE STEEL]whose strength and properties can be improved by heat treatment.

Standard Control
CHINA GB/T  20878-2007 12Cr13（1Cr13）
AMERICA ASTM  A240-2015a S41000，410
JAPAN JIS  G 4303:2005 SUS410
GERMANY EN  10088-1:2005[SCALE STEEL] X12C13，1.4006

Component Specification
GRADE 12Cr13 410 SUS410 1.4006
C ≤0.15 0.08~0.15 ≤0.15 0.08~0.15
Si ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.50
P ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≤0.040
S ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030
Cr 11.5~13.5 11.5~13.5 11.5~13.5 11.5~13.5
Ni （≤0.60） ≤0.75[SCALE STEEL] （≤0.60） ≤0.75

Mechanical Property
density（g/cm3）20℃ 7.70
Melting point (℃) 1480~1530
Specific heat [kJ/(kg·K)]  0~100℃ 0.46
Heat conductivity [W/(m·K)][SCALE STEEL] 100℃ 24.2
500℃ 28.9
coefficient of linear expansion（10-6/K） 0~100℃ 11.0
0~500℃ 11.7
specific resistance（Ω·mm2/m）20℃ 0.57
longitudinal modulus of elasticity（kN/mm2）20℃ 200
magnetism Y

Mechanical Property
Dimensions of sample hairs（mm） ≤75
heat treating regime anneal[SCALE STEEL] 800 ~ 900 ℃slow cooling
Or about 750℃ fast cooling
quench 950~1000℃ cold oil
temper 700~750℃cold oil
Mechanical properties 
(quenching+tempering) Specified non-proportionality
Extension strength MPa ≥345
strength of extension MPa ≥540
Percentage elongation after fracture % ≥22
Percentagereduction of area; reduction of area  % ≥55
Impact absorption work J ≥78
The hardness of delivery HBW anneal ≤200
Quenching + tempering ≥159

Material characteristics：
As a martensitic stainless steel, 1Cr13 also obtains high strength and good toughness through quenching and tempering at high temperature.Bensteel is usually compared with 2Cr13, 3Cr13, 4Cr13, is the lowest carbon content [SCALE STEEL]in the four grades, so the strength is the lowest, and the best plastic toughness.
Applications：
As a low cost stainless steel, 1Cr13 is widely used in machinery manufacturing. It is usually used to manufacture oxidation resistant components below 800℃, such as gas turbine blades, mechanical parts of various pumps, shafts and [SCALE STEEL]pull rods of steam equipment, etc.Because of its good corrosion resistance, it is also used as a cutting tool.

Alloy 926 is a super austenitic stainless steel with a density of 8.1g/cm3.The alloy maintains good corrosion resistance in harsh environments such as high temperature, seawater or flue gas desulfurization equipment.The performance data [SCALE STEEL]is better than 316, 317, 904L and 2205.In some cases, it can be compared with Hastelloy alloy and titanium plate. It is a kind of high economic stainless steel with high corrosion resistance.

Standard Control
AMERICA ASTM A240-15a
ASTM B625-05 UNS N08926
GERMANY EN 10088-1:2005[SCALE STEEL] X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7
1.4529

Component Specification
GRADE N08926 1.4529
C ≤0.020 ≤0.020
Si ≤0.50 ≤0.50
Mn ≤2.00 ≤1.00
P ≤0.030 ≤0.030
S ≤0.010 ≤0.010
Ni 24.00~26.00 24.00~26.00
Cr 19.00~21.00 19.00~21.00
Mo 6.0~7.0 6.0~7.0
Cu 0.5~1.5 0.5~1.5
N 0.15~0.25[SCALE STEEL] 0.15~0.25

Commercial Brand
Special Metals INCOLOY® alloy 25-6MO
Nippon Yakin NAS 255NM
VDM Metals VDM® Alloy 926
Cronifer 1925 hMo
Outokumpu Ultra 6XN
Industeel UR™ 926
BÖHLER Edelstahl[SCALE STEEL] A970
Sandvik SANICRO 26MO
Material performance:
① Because of the high content of chromium and molybdenum, it has excellent pitting resistance and gap corrosion resistance in the environment of high concentration of chloride ion.
② In the environment of SUS329J4L pitting [SCALE STEEL]corrosion, clearance corrosion and other problems, 926 can also play its excellent characteristics.
③ Because it is austenitic metallographic organization, it has high ductility, toughness and good processability.
Applications:
Seawater environment: seawater desalination device, seawater heat exchanger, condenser tube, etc.High concentration of chloride ion [SCALE STEEL]environment: flue gas desulfurization device, pulp and paper industry, all kinds of bleaching device;Environment containing high concentration of salt: resin manufacturing equipment, chemical reaction containers, pipelines, etc.

​0Cr18SiAl is a kind of ferritic stainless steel with high silicon and high aluminum. The main product form is seamless tube.Compared with the 18-8 type austenitic stainless steel pipe, it has excellent stress corrosion crack resistance. At high [SCALE STEEL]temperature, it not only has superior oxidation resistance, but also has superior corrosion resistance in sulfur and hydrogen sulfide environment.

Component Specification
C ≤0.06 Cr 16.00~25.00
Si 0.5~2.0 Al 0.50~2.00
Mn ≤0.60 Ni ≤0.60
P ≤0.030 Cu ≤0.30
S ≤0.030 Ti[SCALE STEEL] ≤0.30
N ≤0.030 Fe ---

Alloy principle：
0Cr18SiAl adds high silicon and high aluminum elements to the Cr18 type ferritic stainless steel, which improves the high temperature oxidation resistance of the steel, and has a good corrosion resistance in the environment of chloride ion, sulfur and hydrogen sulfide.The trace element titanium (niobium) is added to refine the grain of steel.Due to the content of silicon and aluminum in steel, it is very difficult for the pipe making process. In order to solve this problem, a method of temperature control processing [SCALE STEEL]seamless steel tube is adopted.
Material characteristics：
①0Cr18SiAl ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel is an economical stainless steel with low cost.
② The 0Cr18SiAl ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel not only has good corrosion resistance in sulfur and hydrogen sulfide atmosphere, but also has high temperature oxidation resistance.
③0Cr18SiAl steel tube has excellent stress corrosion resistance.
④ The welding performance of 0Cr18SiAl steel pipe is excellent.

Applications：
0Cr18SiAl steel tube can be used for heat exchange tube bundle of various furnace pits, especially for heat exchanger tube bundle[SCALE STEEL] of high temperature section.It can also be used for tower bottom heat exchangers with high temperature sulfur corrosion in oil refining units.In the process of use, a large area of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel falls block, but 0Cr18SiAl steel does not have this problem, the life of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel is 1.5~2.0 times longer.

T4003, equivalent to the European standard 1.4003, is a practical ferritic stainless stee  l, often used in place of low carbon steel. Around 2008, [SCALE STEEL]TICO introduced and developed this brand for C80B stainless steel heavy load coal trains.

Standard Control
CHINA GB/T 20878-2007
GB/T 3280-2015
GB/T 4237-2015 022Cr12Ni
Ministry of Railways、TISCO T4003
AMERICA ASTM A240-15a[SCALE STEEL] S40977
GERMANY DIN EN 10088-1:2005 X2CrNi12
1.4003

Component Specification
GRADE 1.4003
S40977
022Cr12Ni T4003
C ≤0.030 ≤0.030
Si ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤1.50 1.00~2.50
P ≤0.040 ≤0.040
S ≤0.015 ≤0.015
Cr 10.5~12.5[SCALE STEEL] 11.0~13.0
Ni 0.30~1.00 0.60~1.00
N ≤0.030 ≤0.025
Ti -- 8C~0.35

Mechanical Property
Rp0.2
(MPa) Rm
(MPa) A
(%) HARDNESS
HBW
≥350 ≥480 ≥20 ≤250
COLD BEND  180°d=2a -40℃AKV(J)
--[SCALE STEEL] ≥34*
THK≥6mm.

Material Characteristics:
The T4003 offers a range of benefits of ferritic stainless steels such as strength, corrosion and wear resistance, weldability, formability, good durability [SCALE STEEL]and lower maintenance.

Applications:
In China,T4003 is mainly used for railway freight car body, the product form is plate coil, TISCO's market share accounts for more than 90%.As a good low cost stainless steel solution, the T4003 is also used in sweeps, gravel vehicles, tanks, [SCALE STEEL]chimney pipes, staircases, railings, etc.

​0Cr17Mn13Mo2N is a type of Cr-Mn-N section nickel stainless steel developed by our country, usually referred to as A4 steel, steel with [SCALE STEEL]austenite, ferrite two-phase structure.

Component Specification（GB 1220-75）
C ≤0.08 Cr 16.5~18.5
Si ≤0.70 Mo 1.80~2.20
Mn 12.0~15.0 N 0.20~0.30
P ≤0.045 S ≤0.020

 Mechanical Property
heat treatment condition 1050~1100℃, and water
strength of extension MPa[SCALE STEEL] ≥736
yield MPa ≥441
percentage elongation after fracture % ≥30
hardness HB ≤255

Material characteristics
As a dual-phase stainless steel, A4 steel is less prone to intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion than austenitic stainless steel, and its mechanical properties and welding properties are better.Due to the existence of δ ferrite [SCALE STEEL]phase, σ phase is easily formed, and the cold and hot working properties of steel are poor.

Urea level:
The intermediate reaction product in urea production, urea-ammonium chloride solution, is strongly corrosive to stainless steel at high temperature and high pressure, which can destroy the passivation film of stainless steel and has a strong depassivation effect, so that Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel containing [SCALE STEEL]Mo2% ~ 3% is difficult to resist corrosion, and A4 steel has good corrosion resistance.

Applications:
A4 steel corrosion resistance is superior to the 1 cr18ni12moti in acetic acid, can replace 1 cr18ni9ti in phosphoric acid, [SCALE STEEL]has good corrosion resistance to urea, urea equipment is mainly used for making the whole cycle method, such as synthetic tower, high pressure separator and so on, also can be used in synthetic fiber industry, such as saran made production, also used in other chemical, fertilizer and other industrial department of equipment and parts.

0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti martensitic precipitated hardened stainless steels with copper as the main strengthening element.Martensite precipitates hardened stainless steels with copper as the main hardening element, most commonly at [SCALE STEEL]17-4pH.0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti can be seen on the basis of 17-4PH composition of reducing chromium and copper, nickel, and titanium instead of niobium steel, and 15-5PH is very similar.

Component Specification

STANDARD Y.J0060(A) Y.J0061(A)
variety Bar Plate
C ≤0.08 ≤0.08
Si ≤0.70 ≤0.70
Mn ≤1.00 ≤1.00
P ≤0.020 ≤0.020
S ≤0.018 ≤0.018
Cr 13.5~14.8 14.0~15.0
Ni 4.8~5.8 4.7~5.7
Cu 1.75~2.50 1.75~2.50
Ti 0.03~0.15[SCALE STEEL] 0.15~0.30

The performance characteristics of：
0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti steel has the following characteristics:
(1)High strength is obtained after aging hardening.
(2)The corrosion resistance is equal to 17-4PH.
(3)Good welding performance.
(4)Weak cold forming ability.
(5)Good thermal forming performance.
(6)Good cutting performance in both [SCALE STEEL]solid solution and aging state.

Applications：
0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti steel has good strength and toughness, good oxidation resistance at medium temperature, and good chemical stability in corrosive medium. It is usually used in the manufacture of important load-bearing [SCALE STEEL]components such as aero-engine combustion chamber casing and tapered beam installation edge.

​Y1Cr13, 416, SUS 416, 1.4005 Martensitic Free Cutting Stainless Steel is martensitic free cutting [SCALE STEEL]stainless steel. Sulfur is added to the 410 stainless steel for free cutting.

STANDARDS:
CHINA GB/T 20878-2007 Y12Cr13
原Y1Cr13
AMERICA ASTM A582-05 S41600
416
JAPAN JIS G 4303:2005 SUS 416
GERMANY DIN EN 10088-3:1995[SCALE STEEL] X12CrS13
1.4005

Chemical Composition(%)
GRADE Y12Cr13 416 SUS416 1.4005
C ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 0.08~0.15
Si ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤1.25 ≤1.25 ≤1.25 ≤1.50
P ≤0.060 ≤0.060 ≤0.060 ≤0.040
S ≥0.15 ≥0.15 ≥0.15 0.15~0.35
Cr 12.0~14.0 12.0~14.0[SCALE STEEL] 12.0~14.0 12.0~14.0
Ni (≤0.60) -- (≤0.60) --
Mo (≤0.60) -- (≤0.60) ≤0.60

Physical Property
Density（g/cm3）20℃ 7.78
Melting Point（℃） 1482~1532
Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/(kg·K)]   0~100℃ 0.46
Heat Conductivity [W/(m·K)] 100℃ 25.0
500℃[SCALE STEEL]
Coefficient Of Linear Expansion(10-6/K) 0~100℃ 9.9
0~500℃ 11.5
Specific Resistance（Ω·mm2/m）20℃ 0.57
Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity（kN/mm2）20℃ 200
Magnetism Y

Material Characteristics
The cutting performance is about 85% of the easy cutting carbon steel, the best in all stainless steels.
② Corrosion resistance is lower than 410;High [SCALE STEEL]resistance to typical atmospheric conditions, maximum corrosion resistance through hardening and polishing.
Good hardenability, can be heat treated to HRC40;Higher hardness can be achieved by nitriding.
④ The sulfur content is high, and high temperature is not recommended.
⑤ It is not recommended to use below zero.

Applications
416 stainless steel is usually used for parts that require heavy machining and require 13% chromium corrosion resistance, such [SCALE STEEL]as motors, nuts and bolts, pumps, valves, automatic screw machine parts, washing machine assemblies, studs, gears, etc.Excellent cutting performance is the main reason for choosing this steel.

Kovar alloy, also known as Kovar alloy, is an Fe-Ni-Cobalt alloy with a density of 8.36g/cm3;In the range of 20~500℃, the linear expansion[SCALE STEEL] coefficient is equal to that of glass and ceramics.

Standard:
CHINA YB/T 5231-2005 4J29
AMERICA ASTM F15-2004 K94610
GERMANY DIN 17745:2002 NiCo 29 18
1.3981

Chemical Composition(%)
GRADE 4J29 K94610 1.3981
C ≤0.03 ≤0.04 ≤0.05
Si ≤0.30 ≤0.20 ≤0.30
Mn ≤0.50[SCALE STEEL] ≤0.50 ≤0.50
P ≤0.020 -- --
S ≤0.020 -- --
Ni 28.5~29.5 29.0* 28.0~30.0
Co 16.8~17.8 17.0* 16.0~18.0
Cr ≤0.20 ≤0.20 --
Cu ≤0.20 ≤0.20 --
Mo ≤0.20 ≤0.20 --
Al -- ≤0.10 --
Mg -- ≤0.10 --
Zr -- ≤0.10 --
Ti -- ≤0.10 --
Fe REST Bal.* Rest
*：Is a typical value, can be adjusted according to the requirements of thermal expansion coefficient。

Grades
AMERICA CARPENTER[SCALE STEEL] Kovar®
Rodar®
Special Metals Nilo® K
FRANCE Aperam Alloys Imphy
(Imphy Alloys) Dilver P1®
GERMANY VDM Metals Pernifer® 2918
JAPAN NIPPON YAKIN NAS 29CO

TYPICAL LINEAR EXPANSION COEFFICIENT（YB/T 5231-2005）
TEM AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION ā，10-6/℃
20℃~200℃ 5.9
20℃~300℃ 5.3
20℃~400℃ 5.1
20℃~450℃ 5.3
20℃~500℃ 6.2
20℃~600℃ 7.8
20℃~700℃ 9.2
20℃~800℃ 10.2

Alloy Principle
Most metals cannot be sealed with glass because their coefficient of thermal expansion is different from that of glass, so[SCALE STEEL] when the joint is cooled, the stress caused by the different expansion rates of glass and metal causes the joint to break.The nonlinear thermal expansion curves of Kovar alloys can usually be matched with glass, allowing the joints to withstand a wide temperature range.
Chemically, the Kovar alloy is bonded to the glass through intermediate oxide layers of nickel oxide and cobalt oxide;The bonding [SCALE STEEL]strength is highly dependent on the thickness of the oxide layer.The proportion of iron oxide is lower due to the reduction of cobalt, and the presence of cobalt makes the oxide layer more likely to melt and dissolve in the molten glass.Judging by color, gray, gray-blue or taupe indicate good seal;Metallic colors indicate a lack of oxides and black indicates an overoxidized alloy, both of which will result in weak bonding.

Applications
Kovar alloys allow for tight mechanical connections between two materials over a range of temperatures and are suitable for glass/ceramic-metal seals in scientific equipment, as well as conductors entering glass envelopes [SCALE STEEL]in electronic components such as vacuum tubes (valves), X-ray and microwave tubes, transistors, diode integrated circuits, etc.