​TZM is short name for Ti-Zr-Mo, Titanium- Zirconium - Molybdenum alloy, is a widely used molybdenum - based superalloy.[SCALE STEEL]The melting point of TZM alloy is 2617℃, the boiling point is 4612℃, and the density is 10.22 g/cm3.

Common Preparation Methods:

Arc Melting - Casting Process
After melting pure molybdenum by electric arc, certain Ti, Zr and other alloying elements are added according to the percentage of weight, and then TZM alloy is obtained by conventional casting method.

Powder Metallurgy
After mixing high pure molybdenum powder with TiH2 powder, ZrH2 powder and graphite powder in a uniform proportion, it was formed by isostatic pressing and then sintered at high temperature in a protective atmosphere to obtain TZM blank.The blank is then hot-rolled (forging) at high temperature, annealed at high [SCALE STEEL]temperature, annealed at medium temperature (forging), relieved of stress at medium temperature, and then rolled (forging) at warm temperature, and finally TZM finished material is obtained.

Standaards:
CHINA YS/T 660-2007
GB/T 17792-2014
GB/T 3816-2017 TZM
AMERICA ASTM B386-2003
ASTM B387-2010 363，364[SCALE STEEL]
 
 Chemical Composition（%）
GRADE TZM 363 364
Ti 0.40～0.55 0.40～0.55 0.40～0.55
Zr 0.06～0.12 0.06～0.12 0.06～0.12
Mo REST REST REST
C 0.01～0.04 0.01～0.03 0.01～0.04
Fe ≤0.010 ≤0.010 ≤0.010
Ni ≤0.005 ≤0.002 ≤0.005
Si ≤0.005 ≤0.010 ≤0.005
N ≤0.003 ≤0.002[SCALE STEEL] ≤0.002
O ≤0.080 ≤0.003 ≤0.030
B （0.02） -- --

Performance Characteristics
TZM alloy has the characteristics of high melting point, high strength, high elastic modulus, small linear expansion coefficient, low vapor [SCALE STEEL]pressure, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and strong corrosion resistance.TZM has excellent thermal shock resistance and thermal fatigue resistance in an environment above 1000℃.

Applications
Because of excellent high temperature strength, low temperature ductility and good welding performance, TZM alloy is widely used in [SCALE STEEL]industry for the processing of high temperature structural materials and die materials, and because of its high melting point, string cable expansion coefficient, low vapor pressure, good conductive heat conduction the characteristic such as performance, is widely used in aerospace, military industry and high temperature structural materials, etc.

4Cr3Mo2NiVNb is also named HD Steel, which is a kind of air-cooled hardening martensitic body hot die steel, which is a new hot die steel developed by[SCALE STEEL] school of Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and other units on the basis of Swedish Udholm QRO-80 steel.

01 Chemical Composition（%）
C 0.35～0.45 Cr 2.50～3.00
Si ≤0.35 Mo 1.80～2.20
Mn ≤0.40 Ni 0.80～1.20
P ≤0.030 V 1.00～1.40
S ≤0.030 Nb 0.10～0.25

02 Critical Point
Ac1=789℃，Ac3=910℃，Ms=363℃

03 Heat Machining
Spciciation for Forged HD Steel
Type Steel Ingot Steel Billet
Heating Tem℃ 1140～1180 1120～1160
Beginning Tem℃ 1080～1140 1060～1120
End Tem℃ ≥900 ≥850
Cooling Method Sand or Pit Slow Cooling Sand or Pit Slow Cooling

04 Preliminary Heat Treatment
Isothermal annealing of forged materials: < 500℃ into the furnace with the furnace heating temperature, heating temperature [SCALE STEEL]830 ~ 850℃, holding time (H) 1+1min/mm, isothermal temperature 730±10℃, holding time (H) 2+1min/mm, with the furnace cooling to < 500℃ out of the furnace cooling (HB≤250).

05 Quenching Specification
Quenching temperature is 1130±10℃ and the oil is cold.
 
Relationship Between Quenching Temperature and Hardness And Grain Size of Hd Steel
Quenching Tem/℃ HRC Grain size/Grad
1050 50.5 --
1100 53.5 11
1130 53.5 10
1160 56.0 8～9
1180 56.0 7～8
1200 56.5 7～8

Hardness Datas for HD Steel under different Tempering Temperatures:
Tempering Tem/℃ HRC
HD Steel 3Cr2W8V Steel
300 52.5 51.0
400 52.0 51.0
500 52.5 51.4
530 53.5 52.3
560 54.0 51.5
590 53.8 51.8
620 51.2 50.0
650 47.0 46.0
700 41.0 34.0

06 Mechanical Property[SCALE STEEL]（Comparing with 3Cr2W8V Steel）
Mechanical Property for HD Steel in Room Tem
Types 1130℃Quenching
650℃Tempering 1130℃Quenching
700℃Tempering
HD 3Cr2W8V HD 3Cr2W8V
σ0.2/MPa 1633 1463 1165 952
ψ（%） 32.4 41.8 45.7 41.9
αk/(J/cm2) 38.8 -- 48.8 --

Mechanical Property for HD Steel in HighTem

Tem 650℃ 700℃
HD 3Cr2W8V HD 3Cr2W8V
σ0.2/MPa 536.9 414 405.3 235
ψ（%） 66.1 49.1 69.3 85.4
αk/(J/cm2) 56/54 -- 75/40 62/38

07 Performance Features
4Cr3Mo2NiVNb (HD) steel is based on 4Cr3Mo3V steel. By reducing the content of Mo and V and adding mass fractions of 1%Ni and 0.15%Nb, the toughness and thermal stability of 4Cr3Mo2NiVNb (HD) steel can[SCALE STEEL] be improved at room temperature and high temperature, and the hardness of 40HRC can be maintained at 700℃.Under the same hardness, HD steel has 50% higher fracture toughness than 3Cr2W8V steel, 70% higher tensile strength at 700℃, 1 time higher cold and hot fatigue resistance and 50% higher thermal wear resistance, respectively.

08 Applications
HD steel comprehensive performance is good, suitable for making heating temperature about 700 ℃, using strict hot-work mold, such as ferrous and non-ferrous materials of hot extrusion die, such as hot fine forging die, in the steel tube hot extrusion convex die, the bottom of the copper alloy tube extrusion die and [SCALE STEEL]punch needle, hot extrusion convex die and concave die bearing ring, valve end of extrusion die and mold USES, the service life than 3 cr2w8v steel has improved significantly.

​Heat treatment has great energy saving potential. How to take measures to strengthen energy saving is an important topic for every heat treatment [SCALE STEEL]worker.The following is only a simple discussion on heat treatment process energy saving.
 
Reduce Heating Temperature
Generally, the quenching temperature of subeutectoid carbon steel is above 30 ~ 50℃, while that of eutectoid and hypereutectoid carbon steel is above 30 ~ 50℃.In recent years, however, it has been proved that the heating quenching (i.e., subeutectoid [SCALE STEEL]quenching) in a + two-phase region slightly lower than Ac3 can improve the toughness of the steel, reduce the brittle transition temperature, and eliminate the temper brittleness.The quenching temperature can be reduced by 40℃.
The high carbon steel can be quenched quickly and quickly at low temperature, which can reduce the carbon content of austenite, and is beneficial to obtain the lat martensite with good strong and tough fit, which can not only improve its toughness, but also shorten the heating time.
For some transmission gear, with carbonitriding instead of carburizing, wear resistance increased by 40% ~ 60%, fatigue strength increased by 50% ~ 80%, the total penetration time is the same, but the total penetration temperature (850℃) than[SCALE STEEL] carburizing temperature (920℃) low 70℃, but also can reduce heat treatment deformation.
 
Shorten Heating Time
The production practice has shown that the traditional heating time based on the effective thickness of the workpiece is mostly conservative, so the heating coefficient in the heating time formula should be corrected.According to the traditional process parameters, when heating to 800 ~ 900℃ in an air furnace, the value is recommended to be 1.0 ~ 1.8min/mm, which is obviously conservative.If the alpha value can be reduced, the heating time can be greatly reduced.The heating time should be determined by experiments according to the size of steel workpiece and the amount of furnace loading, etc. The optimized [SCALE STEEL]process parameters should be carefully executed once they are determined to achieve significant economic benefits.
 
Cancel Tempering Or Reduce Tempering Times
To cancel the tempering of carburized carbon steel, for example, the fatigue limit of 20Cr steel loader to cancel the tempering with double-sided carburized piston pin can be increased by 16% compared with the tempering;The tempering of low-carbon Martensite steel is cancelled, and the bulldozer pin sleeve is simplified to 20 steel quenched (low-carbon Martensite). The hardness is stable at about 45HRC, and the strength and wear resistance of the product are significantly improved, and the quality is stable.For example, [SCALE STEEL]W18Cr4V steel saw blade adopts one tempering (560 ° C ×1h) instead of the traditional 560 ° C ×1h three tempering, and its service life is increased by 40%.
 
Use Low To Medium Tempering Instead Of High Tempering
Medium carbon or medium carbon alloy structural steel can obtain higher multi-punch resistance by tempering at medium and low temperature instead of high temperature.W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel Φ 8 mm drill bit, after quenching + 560 ℃ to 350 ℃ by 1 h x 1 h secondary tempering, a 560 ℃ by 1 h three tempering the bit cutting life of 40.
 
Reasonable Reduction Of Seepage Depth
The chemical heat treatment has long cycle and high power consumption. It is an important means of energy saving to reduce the penetration depth and shorten the time.The necessary depth of hardening layer is obtained by stress measurement. It shows that the current hardening layer is too deep and only 70% of the traditional hardening depth is enough.The results show that carburizing can reduce the depth of the layer by 30% ~ 40%.At [SCALE STEEL]the same time, if the depth of seepage layer is controlled at the lower limit of the technical requirements in actual production, it can also save 20% energy, shorten the time and reduce the deformation.
 
High Temperature And Vacuum Chemical Heat Treatment Are Used
The high temperature chemical heat treatment is in the equipment use temperature permit and the condition that the osmotic steel austenite grain does not grow narrow, raises the chemical heat treatment temperature, thus greatly accelerates [SCALE STEEL]the rate of carburizing.The carburizing temperature from 930℃ to 1000℃, can make the carburizing speed increased more than 2 times.However, due to many problems, the future development is limited.
Vacuum chemical heat treatment is carried out in a gas phase medium under negative pressure.Because the surface of the workpiece is cleaned in the vacuum state, and the higher temperature is used, the seepage [SCALE STEEL]velocity is greatly increased.Such as vacuum carburizing can improve productivity 1 ~ 2 times;At 133.3× (10-1 ~ 10-2) Pa, the penetration rate of aluminum and chromium can be increased by more than 10 times.
 
Ionic Chemical Heat Treatment
It is a chemical heat treatment process that uses a glow discharge between the workpiece (cathode) and the anode to infiltrate the permeable element in a gas phase medium containing permeable elements at a pressure lower than one atmosphere.Such as ion nitriding, ion carburizing, ion sulfur carburizing, with the advantages of fast permeability, [SCALE STEEL]good quality, energy saving, etc.
 
Self - Tempering By Induction
Use induction tempering themselves instead of tempering furnace, because is the use of induction heating heat into the hardening layer, heat quenching when not all take away the remnant of the tempering and implementation for short periods of time, thus has high efficiency and energy saving, and in many cases, such as the high carbon steel and high carbon high alloy steel) can avoid quenching cracking, and the advantages of [SCALE STEEL]various process parameters can be mass production after confirmation, the economic benefit is remarkable.
 
Use Pre-Heat Quenching After Forging
Preheating quenching after forging can not only reduce heat treatment energy consumption and simplify the production process, but also improve the product performance.
The remaining heat quenching and high temperature tempering [SCALE STEEL]after forging as pretreatment, can eliminate hardening in final heat treatment after forging the coarse grains, poor impact toughness of faults, than spheroidizing annealing or general annealing time is short, high productivity, plus high temperature tempering temperature lower than that of annealing and administration work, so can greatly reduce the energy [SCALE STEEL]consumption, and simple equipment, easy operation.
Compared with the general normalcy, the residual heat normalcy after forging can not only improve the strength of the steel, but also improve the plasticity and reduce the cold and brittle transition temperature and notch sensitivity. For example, 20CrMnTi steel is cooled at 730 ~ 630℃ at 20℃/h after forging, and good results have been achieved.
 
Surface Quenching Instead Of Carburizing Quenching
The systematic study on the performance (such as static strength, fatigue strength, multiple impact resistance and residual internal stress) of medium and high carbon steel with carbon content of 0.6% ~ 0.8% after high-frequency quenching shows that it is completely possible to replace carburizing quenching with induction hardening part.We use 40Cr steel high frequency quenching to manufacture gearbox gear, instead of the original [SCALE STEEL]20CrMnTi steel carburized quenching gear has been successful.
 
Use Partial Heating Instead Of Integral Heating
For some local and technical requirements of parts (such as wear-resisting tooth trunnion, roll diameter, etc.), can use bath heating furnace, induction heating, local heating mode pulse heating, flame heating instead of overall heating, such as box-type furnace can make the appropriate coordination between the friction parts occlusion parts, [SCALE STEEL]improve the service life of the parts, and because it is a local heating, so can significantly reduce the quenching distortion and reduce energy consumption.

NAME -- GRADE (DIN,ASTM) -- OD(mm) -- L(mm) -- WEIGHT(KG)
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45+C -- 6 -- 3000 -- 574
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 6.5 -- 3000 -- 236
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 6.97 -- 3000 -- 198
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+A+C+A+C -- 7 -- 3000 -- 1018
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+A+C+A+C -- 7 -- 3000 -- 644
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45+C -- 7.25 -- 3180 -- 706
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45+C -- 7.25 -- 3180 -- 1074
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 7.28 -- 2800 -- 472
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 7.28 -- 3000 -- 468
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 7.28 -- 3000 -- 914
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 7.28 -- 3000 -- 912
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 7.28 -- 3000 -- 788
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30tebi+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 512
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 98
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 1186
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 870
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 640
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 968
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 782
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 1004
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRG2C+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 170
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRG2C+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 620
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRG2C+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 196
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRC+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 470
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 42CrMoS4QT+C -- 8.11 -- 3000 -- 1020
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 42CrMoS4QT+C -- 8.11 -- 3000 -- 1020
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 44SMn28+C -- 8.18 -- 3185 -- 1068
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 46S20C -- 8.18 -- 3000 -- 490
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 8.18 -- 3100 -- 388
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 8.18 -- 3100 -- 458
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 8.18 -- 3100 -- 136
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8.5 -- 3000 -- 310
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 46S20+C -- 8.5 -- 3000 -- 734
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRC+C -- 9 -- 3000 -- 1042
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 9.7 -- 3000 -- 382
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 9.96 -- 3000 -- 84
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 9.98 -- 3000 -- 760
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 10 -- 3000 -- 394
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 10 -- 3250 -- 202
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 298
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 1118
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 416
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 558
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 564
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 648
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 1072
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRC+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 860
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 820
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 1170
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C -- 10.2 -- 3000 -- 512
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 3000 -- 1110
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 1052
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 1084
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 1170
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 10.2 -- 2915 -- 1072
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 11.5 -- 3000 -- 174
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 11.7 -- 3000 -- 366
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 11.7 -- 3000 -- 674
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 12 -- 3250 -- 1104
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 12 -- 3000 -- 404
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 12 -- 3000 -- 186
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 12 -- 3000 -- 638
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 12 -- 3250 -- 262
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15CSL -- 12 -- 3000 -- 366
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15CSL -- 12 -- 3000 -- 230
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 12.1 -- 3000 -- 662
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teS+C -- 12.3 -- 3000 -- 222
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 12.7 -- 3000 -- 572
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 12.7 -- 3000 -- 1276
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 12.7 -- 3000 -- 1518
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 12.7 -- 3000 -- 600
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 13 -- 3000 -- 442
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 13 -- 3000 -- 516
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C+SL -- 13.96 -- 3000 -- 154
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- SAE12L14 -- 14 -- 3600 -- 444
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 14 -- 3000 -- 482
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 14 -- 3000 -- 280
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 14.55 -- 3000 -- 114
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 15 -- 3000 -- 690
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 312
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 266
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15.5 -- 3000 -- 258
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 16 -- 3000 -- 460
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30hd+C -- 16 -- 3000 -- 212
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 16 -- 3150 -- 426
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C+SL -- 16.44 -- 3000 -- 1180
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C+SL -- 16.44 -- 3000 -- 1144
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C+SL -- 16.44 -- 3000 -- 700
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C+SL -- 16.44 -- 3000 -- 1070
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 35S20+C -- 16.5 -- 2970 -- 160
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45R+C -- 16.5 -- 3000 -- 754
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 16.95 -- 3000 -- 248
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 16.95 -- 3000 -- 294
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 16.98 -- 3000 -- 208
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 17 -- 3000 -- 178
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 36SMnPb14+C -- 17 -- 3000 -- 1018
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45e+C+SL -- 17 -- 3000 -- 352
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 36SMnPb14+C -- 17 -- 3000 -- 1348
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 36SMnPb14+C -- 17 -- 3000 -- 802
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 19 -- 3000 -- 968
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 19.6 -- 3000 -- 352
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 19.6 -- 3000 -- 486
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19.8 -- 3000 -- 310
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 19.98 -- 3000 -- 972
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 19.98 -- 3000 -- 750
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 20 -- 3000 -- 360
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 20 -- 3000 -- 336
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15R+C -- 20.3 -- 3000 -- 450
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15R+C -- 20.3 -- 3000 -- 600
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 16MnCrS5+C -- 20.5 -- 3000 -- 612
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 16MnCrS5+C -- 20.5 -- 3000 -- 974
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 16MnCr5+C -- 20.5 -- 3000 -- 746
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 16MnCrS5+C -- 20.5 -- 3000 -- 934
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 424
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 166
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 260
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 200
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teS+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 212
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 21 -- 3000 -- 448
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 682
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 320
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 356
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 316
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 718
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 244
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 1204
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 36SMnPb14+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 654
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15Pb+C -- 22 -- 3000 -- 628
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 26.15 -- 4000 -- 1180
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 26.15 -- 4000 -- 404
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 26.5 -- 4000 -- 1492
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 26.5 -- 4000 -- 1072
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 27 -- 3000 -- 346
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 28 -- 3000 -- 1030
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 31 -- 3000 -- 1060
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 31 -- 3000 -- 780
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 32 -- 3000 -- 582
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 32 -- 3000 -- 560
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 32 -- 3000 -- 910
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30 -- 33 -- 3000 -- 1180
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C12L14+C -- 33.33 -- 3000 -- 1126
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C12L14+C -- 33.33 -- 3000 -- 1078
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 34 -- 3000 -- 1800
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30 -- 34 -- 3000 -- 1710
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 38 -- 3000 -- 1340
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 39 -- 3000 -- 554
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30hd+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 764
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 906
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 11,5 -- 3000 -- 732
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 12,7 -- 3000 -- 256
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teS+C -- 13 -- 3000 -- 144
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30te+C -- 13 -- 3000 -- 148
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19,8 -- 3000 -- 382
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C+SL -- 7,99 -- 3000 -- 446
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+teS+C -- 12,5 -- 3000 -- 402
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 296
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8,25 -- 3000 -- 338
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 12,1 -- 3000 -- 404
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 366
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 19,98 -- 3000 -- 1150
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 820
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 16 -- 3000 -- 218
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 230
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 212
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 374
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15,3 -- 3000 -- 698
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 12,7 -- 3000 -- 110
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 5 -- 3150 -- 130
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30hd+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 220
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 130
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15 -- 3000 -- 410
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 5,93 -- 3150 -- 320
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 5,91 -- 3150 -- 220
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 232
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 576
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 17 -- 3000 -- 344
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 268
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 16 -- 3000 -- 758
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 14 -- 3000 -- 516
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 11,5 -- 3000 -- 764
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 14 -- 3000 -- 664
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 186
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 10,855 -- 3000 -- 1360
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 814
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 19,05 -- 3000 -- 120
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 302
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 15,5 -- 3000 -- 386
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 11,5 -- 3000 -- 264
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30tebi+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 848
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30tebi+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 400
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 156
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 18 -- 3000 -- 180
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teS+C -- 18 -- 3000 -- 242
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 18 -- 3000 -- 658
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 18 -- 3000 -- 292
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 10 -- 3000 -- 166
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 116
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30teSS+C -- 19 -- 3000 -- 304
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 11,25 -- 3000 -- 414
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 7 -- 3000 -- 226
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMn30+C -- 11,5 -- 3000 -- 394
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 6,97 -- 3000 -- 148
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30tebi+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 460
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30+C -- 8 -- 3000 -- 388
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 11SMnPb30tebi+C -- 9 -- 3000 -- 940
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 14 -- 3000 -- 538
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 46S20+C+SL -- 8 -- 3000 -- 306
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 12,3 -- 3000 -- 262
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 100Cr6+AC+C -- 12,3 -- 3000 -- 228
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 12 -- 3000 -- 136
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C10Pb+C -- 16 -- 3000 -- 1250
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 46S20+C -- 14 -- 3000 -- 706
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15CSL -- 11 -- 3000 -- 2502
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45+C+SL -- 14 -- 3000 -- 572
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 12,7 -- 3000 -- 1760
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45+C -- 7,25 -- 3180 -- 550
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 35S20+C -- 14,15 -- 3000 -- 290
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15+C+SL -- 5 -- 2990 -- 116
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15Pb+C -- 11,95 -- 3250 -- 1936
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15Pb+C -- 11,95 -- 3250 -- 1438
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15Pb+C -- 11,95 -- 3250 -- 374
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S355J2C+C -- 7,28 -- 3000 -- 826
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15CSL -- 11 -- 3000 -- 2140
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15Pb+C -- 11,95 -- 3250 -- 990
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C45Pb+C -- 11,8 -- 3000 -- 134
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- 15S10+C -- 11,2 -- 3000 -- 594
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRG2C+C -- 11,9 -- 3000 -- 150
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- C15CSL -- 11 -- 3000 -- 1302
ALLOY ROUND BAR -- S235JRG2C+C -- 12 -- 3000 -- 544

As industrial raw materials, metal materials of the same brand, different production methods, product performance is different.For example, strip has hot rolling and cold rolling, the product surface and mechanical properties are different;There are seamless pipe and welded pipe, production methods are widely different, the applicable[SCALE STEEL.] occasions are also different.Therefore, it is necessary to develop special procurement specifications to guide procurement.How to compile the purchase specification of metal material, what matters needing attention?
 
First of all, the factors of procurement must be considered when designing products.
 
The design department selects the appropriate brand according to the actual working conditions of the parts, including the working environment, the stress situation, and the special performance requirements.Relevant information should [SCALE STEEL.]be provided to the purchasing department in as much detail as possible. Accurate information transmission will help the purchasing personnel to make inquiries externally.
 
Specifically, the service temperature (high temperature, low temperature or alternating hot and cold), the type and concentration of corrosive media around, whether to withstand vibration, impact, wear, whether there is high speed or high load, mechanical performance requirements, can be magnetic, etc., must be considered factors.
 
In order to improve the reliability, in the candidate materials, we should choose the mature brand under the same working condition as far as possible, in order to reduce the safety risk and guarantee the service life, but also easy to purchase.
 
After the material brand is determined, the engineer [SCALE STEEL.]should fully consider the technological performance of the material from the perspective of improving the utilization rate of the metal, and select the appropriate technology from several molding methods such as casting, forging, welding and cutting, so as to reduce the material waste as far as possible and achieve the purpose of reducing cost and increasing efficiency.
 
Normally a Complete Procurement Specification Should Include The Following:
 
01  Material Grades and Standards
The standard includes national standard, American standard, European standard or pressure vessel standard, nuclear power standard, military industry standard and chemical industry standard.Providing standard numbers helps to accurately locate and improve the efficiency of communication with suppliers.
Usually, a material brand will be included in different standards. In most cases, the chemical composition of the same material brand is the same[SCALE STEEL.] in different standards. However, due to the evolution of standards and different product forms, the composition may be slightly different, and the performance data are not the same.
 
02 Smelting Method
Common smelting methods: ordinary smelting, induction smelting, electroslag remelting, vacuum arc remelting, etc.Different smelting methods have different manufacturing costs. For example, the cost of vacuum smelting is higher than[SCALE STEEL.] that of non-vacuum smelting.
 
03 Dimensions, Quantity and Weight
When ordering bar, sheet, pipe, etc., the length of the part should be stated as far as possible so as to reasonably determine the length of the product to be delivered, such as indefinite, definite, or double length.
When ordering forgings, part drawing should be provided as far as possible to ensure that the supplier has accurate final size and shape in order to develop a reasonable and economical forming process.
There are two methods of weight calculation, theoretical calculation and practical calculation.The adjustment involves density and tolerances.The density is related to the brand, and there are many kinds of metal materials (there are more than 350,000 metal brands in the world). Generally, the density of the material in the[SCALE STEEL.] same category is the same, but there are also differences according to the different alloy ratios.Tolerances are related to production capacity and manufacturing method. For example, forging tolerances are relatively large, resulting in that the actual delivered weight of forgings can sometimes differ by 10% or more from the theoretical weight.
The method of receiving goods should be agreed with the supplier.It is generally recommended that the forgings should be delivered in the light state after machining, and the piece-by-piece method of settlement is preferred.
 
04 The Delivery Status
According to the deformation mode: forging state, hot rolling state, cold rolling (drawing) state, etc.The grade of forgings used in pressure [SCALE STEEL.]equipment shall be indicated.
According to the heat treatment state: annealing state, solid solution state, solid solution + aging state, etc.Mechanical properties are required and numerical values should be marked.For example, the hardness range of pre-hardened steel should be specified.
According to the surface state: forging blank, pickling state, rough turning state, fine turning state, polishing state, polishing state, etc.
 
05 Performance and Testing Requirements
Conventional detection scope including: chemical composition, mechanical properties at room temperature (e.g., hardness test, tensile test, impact test, etc.), high temperature mechanical properties, metallographic analysis, such as non-metallic inclusions, grain size, etc.), corrosion test (such as intergranular corrosion test, etc.), inspection of tolerances for size, surface defect inspection, nondestructive testing (such as [SCALE STEEL.]ultrasonic testing, dye penetrant testing, etc.).
 
06 Identification and Packaging
General identification includes: brand number, batch number, name, dimension specification.If there is a special part identification number, it should be specified when ordering.
Common identification methods include: [SCALE STEEL.]paint pen, spray printing, label paper and steel logo.
Conventional packing: bundling, wooden cases, simple pallets, etc.
 

​Why do we think titanium alloy is a refractory material?Due to the lack of in-depth understanding of its processing mechanism and phenomenon.
 
1. Physical Phenomena Of Titanium Processing
The machining force of titanium alloy is only slightly higher than that of steel of the same hardness, but the physical phenomenon of [SCALE STEEL]machining titanium alloy is much more complicated than that of machining steel, so the machining of titanium alloy is faced with great difficulties.
Most titanium alloys have very low thermal conductivity, only 1/7 of that of steel and 1/16 of that of aluminum.Therefore, in the process of cutting of titanium alloy heat will not quickly passed to the workpiece or taken away by chip, and[SCALE STEEL] agglomeration in cutting area, the temperature can be as high as 1000 ℃ above, make the cutter blade rapid wear, cracks, and generate the devolop tumor, rapid wear of the blade, and make the cutting area produces more heat and further shorten the life of cutting tools.
The high temperature in the cutting process also destroys the surface integrity of titanium alloy parts, which leads to the decrease of geometrical [SCALE STEEL]accuracy of the parts and the severe work hardening phenomenon that reduces their fatigue strength.
The elasticity of titanium alloys may be beneficial to the performance of the parts, but the elastic deformation of the workpiece is an important cause of vibration in the cutting process.The cutting pressure causes the "elastic" workpiece to leave the tool and bounce back, so that the friction phenomenon between the tool and the workpiece [SCALE STEEL]is greater than the cutting action.The friction process also produces heat, aggravating the poor thermal conductivity of titanium alloys.
This problem becomes more serious when machining thin-walled or annular parts, and it is not easy to process thin-walled titanium alloy parts to the expected dimensional accuracy.As the workpiece material is pushed away by the tool, the local deformation of the thin wall has exceeded the elastic range and produced plastic deformation, the strength and hardness of the cutting point material are obviously added.At this point, machining at the previously determined cutting speed becomes too high, further leading to rapid tool wear and tear.
 
2. Process Tips Of Titanium Alloy
On the basis of understanding the processing mechanism of titanium alloy and adding the previous experience, the main process tips of[SCALE STEEL] titanium alloy processing are as follows:
 
(1)The product adopts the positive Angle geometric shape of the blade, in order to reduce the cutting force, cutting heat and workpiece deformation.
(2) Adhere to a constant feed to avoid hardening of the workpiece, the tool should always be in the feed state during the cutting process, the radial draft AE should be 30% of the radius of the milling.
(3) The use of high pressure and large flow of cutting fluid to ensure the thermal stability of the processing process, to prevent too high [SCALE STEEL]temperature resulting in the workpiece surface denaturation and tool damage.
(4)If the blade edge is sharp, blunt tool is the cause of hot assembly and wear, easy to lead to tool failure.
(5) as far as possible in the titanium alloy in the most soft state processing, due to the hardened material becomes more difficult to process, heat treatment to improve the strength of the material and add the wear of the blade.
(6)Use a large tip arc radius or chamfer cut, as much as possible into the blade into the cutting.This reduces the cutting force and heat at each point and prevents local damage.When milling titanium alloy, the cutting speed has the [SCALE STEEL]greatest influence on tool life VC, followed by radial draft (milling depth) AE.
 
3. Start With The Blade To Deal With The Titanium Processing Problem
The blade groove wear in titanium alloy processing is the local wear behind and in front along the direction of cutting depth, it is often due to the early processing left by the hardened layer formed.The chemical reaction and diffusion between the tool and the workpiece material at the processing temperature of over 800℃ is also one of the causes of trench wear.During the machining process, titanium molecules of the workpiece accumulate in the front of the blade and are "welded" to the blade under high pressure and temperature, forming a chip tumor.When the chip is removed from the blade, the carbide coating of the blade is taken away, so titanium alloy processing requires special blade material and geometry.
 
4. Tool Structure Suitable For Titanium Processing
Titanium alloy processing focus is heat, a lot of high [SCALE STEEL]pressure cutting fluid to timely and accurate injection to the cutting edge, can quickly remove the heat.There are special milling cutter structures for titanium alloy processing on the market.

Chromium bronze is a copper alloy in which 0.4%~1.2% chromium is added to copper and chromium is the main alloy component.The addition of chromium can obviously improve the recrystallization temperature and thermal strength [SCALE STEEL]of the alloy, so chromium bronze is widely used as heat-resistant copper alloy in industry.C18200 is the chrome bronze symbol.

 Standards:
CHINA GB/T 5231-2001 QCr1 C18200
GB/T 5231-2012 TCr1 C18200
AMERICA MIL-C-19311B-1973 No.182
ASTM F9-1986 C18200  [SCALE STEEL]
GERMANY DIN CEN/TS 13388:2008 CuCr1 CW105C

 Chemicals(%):
GRADE TCr1 No.182 CuCr1
Cr 0.6~1.2 0.6~1.2 0.5~1.2
Si ≤0.10 ≤0.10 ≤0.10
Fe ≤0.10 ≤0.10 ≤0.08
Pb ≤0.05 ≤0.05 —  [SCALE STEEL]
Cu Rest Rema Rest
Others ≤0.75 -- ≤0.20
a：Cu+所列出成分综合≥99.5%

 Properties& Characteristics:
(1)The conductivity of solid solution treatment is 45%IACS, after aging treatment, it rises to 80%IACS.
(2)The aging treatment can withstand 400℃ high temperature, [SCALE STEEL]which is twice that of cold processed copper.
(3)High strength, high hardness.

Applications:
After cold processing and aging treatment, C18200 can significantly improve the strength, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. [SCALE STEEL]As a double 80 copper alloy with electrical conductivity and hardness, C18200 is widely used in the manufacture of wear-resistant parts under high temperature conductive environment, electrodes in welding industry, high-voltage switch contacts, robot conductive arms, etc..

​3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) belongs to the material category of precision alloy. It is a kind of ferrochrome high elastic alloy, and its product [SCALE STEEL]form is usually cold drawn.

Chemical Component Specification (YB/T 5135-2014)
C 0.22~0.26 Cr 19.00~20.50
Si 1.30~1.70 Ni 9.00~10.50
Mn 1.80~2.20 Mo 1.60~1.85
P ≤0.030 Fe REST
S ≤0.020

Mechanical Property for 3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) Alloy:
OD（mm） TYPES TENSILE STRENGTH（MPa）
0.40~0.80 -- ≥2058
＞0.80~1.80 A 1450~1700
B ≥1666
＞1.80~2.50 A 1400~1650
B ≥1600
＞2.50~3.50 -- ≥1470
＞3.50~6.00 -- ≥1375
＞6.00~8.00 —[SCALE STEEL] ≥1300

Elasticity& Shear Modulus for 3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) Alloy:
STATUS ELASTICITY MODULUS E SHEAR MODULUS G
MPa MPa
SOLID SOLUTION 186200~196000 72520~74480
SOLID SOLUTION+AGING 186200~196000 73500~75460
COLD DRAW 166600~176400[SCALE STEEL] 68600~71540
COLD DRAW+AGING 181300~196000 73500~75460

Average Coefficient Of Linear Expansion for 3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) Alloy ā×10-6/℃:
TEM RANGE SOLID SOLUTION SOLID SOLUTION+AGING COLD DRAW COLD DRAW+AGING
－40~20℃ 16.4 17.1 18 17.8
17.6 18.1 18.1
20~50℃ 15.4 16.5 14.6 15.5
16 18.2 15.6 15.9
20~100℃ 16 16 15.9 15.9
16.4 16.2[SCALE STEEL] 16.4 16.1
20~200℃ 16.3 16.3 16.7 16.3
16.7 16.5 16.8 16.5
20~300℃ 16.8 16.7 16.8 16.6
17.2 16.9 17.2 16.9
20~400℃ 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2
17.7 17.3 17.4 17.4
 
Main Applications for 3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) Alloy:
The main characteristics of 3J9 (2Cr19Ni9Mo) [SCALE STEEL]are non-magnetic, high elasticity, high strength, high hardness, suitable for the manufacture of clocks, timer spring and other elastic components in instruments.

F55 is a kind of super duplex stainless steel, superior to the 2205 in overall performance."Super" refers to the high alloying of its components. Compared with other duplex stainless steels, the high alloying of super duplex steels mainly [SCALE STEEL]refers to high molybdenum and nitrogen.

National Standard
CHINA GB/T 20878-2007 022Cr25Ni7Mo4WCuN
GB/T 21833-2008 S27603
GB/T 31303-2014 [SCALE STEEL]
AMERICA ASTM A182-2006 F55，S32760
GEMANY DIN EN 10088-1:2005 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4
1.4501

Component Specification (%)
GRADE S27603* F55* 1.4501
C ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.030
Si ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Mn ≤1.00 ≤1.00 ≤1.00
P ≤0.030 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
S ≤0.010 ≤0.010 ≤0.015
Cr 24.00~26.00 24.00~26.00 24.00~26.00
Ni 6.00~8.00 6.00~8.00 6.00~8.00
Mo 3.00~4.00 3.00~4.00 3.00~4.00
W 0.50~1.00 0.50~1.00 0.50~1.00
Cu 0.50~1.00 0.50~1.00 0.50~1.00
N 0.20~0.30[SCALE STEEL] 0.20~0.30 0.20~0.30

* : PREN = % Cr Mo + 16 x % N + 3.3 x % of 40 or higher
Commercial Brand
Rolled Alloys Zeron 100
Industeel UR2507W
Nippon Yakin NAS 75N
BÖHLER A911SA
Sandvik SAF 32760™
Mannesmann DMV 25.7 N

Characteristics Performance 
(1) Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking, excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, resistance to various inorganic acids and organic acids, excellent resistance to non-oxidizing acid corrosion, strong alkali [SCALE STEEL]corrosion.
(2) good weldability, excellent mechanical properties, can reduce the weight of the structure, with design advantages.
(3) In the working temperature above 300℃ for a long time service, the toughness of the material will decline significantly.
❒ applications
F55 has been included in the specification for metal materials and ASME boilers and pressure vessels resistant to sulphide stress [SCALE STEEL]cracking for NACE MR 0175 oil field equipment. Its applicable temperature is below 315 ° C. Its main applications include: submarine pipelines, flue gas desulfurization, osmotic desalination equipment, sulfuric acid plants, and fasteners for Marine engineering.

​Overiew for Incoloy 825:
Incoloy 825 is an all-austenitic nickel-ferric chromium alloy that is ti-stabilized, with copper and molybdenum added.Incoloy 825 is a universal engineering alloy that is resistant to acid and alkali corrosion in both oxidizing and reducing environments.The high nickel content makes the alloy have effective resistance to stress corrosion cracking.[SCALE STEEL]Corrosion resistance is good in a variety of media, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and organic acids, and alkali metals such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions.The Incoloy 825 has high overall performance in nuclear combustion solutes with a variety of corrosive media, such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and sodium hydroxide, all handled in the same facility.
Incoloy 825 close brand 0CR21NI42Mo3Cu2TI
NS142(China), NC21FeDu (France), W.N.2.4858 NiCr21Mo [SCALE STEEL](Germany) NA16 (UK) Incoloy 825, UNS N08825 (US) NiFe30Cr21Mo3 (ISO)
 
Incoloy 825’s Chemical Composition
Ni Ni: 38-46
Chromium Cr: 19.5 to 23.5
Iron Fe: Margin
Carbon C: 0.025 or less
Manganese Mn: 1.0 or less
Si Si: 0.5 or less
Mo Mo: 2.5 to 3.5
Copper Cu: 1.5 to 3.0
Cobalt Co: 1.0 or less
Aluminum Al: 0.2 or less
Ti Ti: 0.6 to 1.2
 
Characteristics of Incoloy 825 - Incoloy 825 Alloy
● Good resistance to stress corrosion cracking
● Good corrosion resistance to spot and crevice corrosion
● Excellent antioxidant and non-oxidative thermal acid energy
● Excellent mechanical properties at room temperature and temperatures up to 550℃
● It is certified to manufacture pressure vessels up to 450℃
Incoly 825 is widely used in industries where [SCALE STEEL]the operating temperature does not exceed 550℃.
 
Typical Applications:
● Sulfuric acid pickling plant heating tube, container, basket and chain, etc.
● Seawater cooling heat exchanger, Marine product piping system, acid gas environment piping.
● Heat exchanger, evaporator, washing and impregnating tube in phosphoric acid production.
● Air heat exchangers in petroleum refining
● Food Engineering
● Chemical process
● Flame retardant alloy for pressure oxygen application
It is suitable for tungsten inert gas welding, [SCALE STEEL]plasma arc welding, manual subarc welding, metal inert gas welding and fusion inert gas welding, with pulse arc welding being the first choice, using any traditional welding process.When manual arc welding is used, it is recommended to use (Ar+He+H2+CO2) multi-component shielding gas.
Incoloy 825 welds must be annealed and cleaned of stains, dust, and marks using a stainless steel wire brush.In order to obtain the best quality of the root weld, care must be taken (argon 99.99) so that no oxide is produced after the root weld is[SCALE STEEL] completed.The color produced by the welding heat affected zone should be brushed away with the stainless steel brush when the welding zone is not cooled.
For gas shielded welding processes, the following filler metals are recommended
Metal welding rod: Nicrofer S 6020-FM625 Material [SCALE STEEL]No. 2.4831 SG-NICR21MO9NB AWS A5.14: ErnicRRMo-3 fluid-coated welding rod Material No. 2.4621 EL-Nicr20MO9NB AWS A5.11: EnICRRMo-3